Hydrogeochemical and biological assessment of spring and stream water quality for its suitability for drinking in Kanglung locality, Trashigang, Bhutan

Abstract Springs are important water sources for domestic and agricultural uses in eastern Himalayas. This study describes the quality scenario major geochemical processes of springs utilized drinking Kanglung locality, Bhutan. Water samples were collected at two end-user taps three spring from October 2020 through April 2021 laboratory analyses. analyzed met WHO standard except turbidity thermotolerant coliform some samples. The Quality Index (WQI) values ranged 5.75 to 41.64, majority falling under excellent class demonstrating potability tapped. order anion cation chemistry HCO3− >Cl− >SO42−, Na+ >Ca2+>Mg2+>K+, respectively. scatter diagrams molar ratios ions indicated silicate carbonate weathering controlling chemistry. piper diagram that predominantly Ca-Mg-Cl Na-Cl types. Gibbs inferred spring/stream is mainly controlled by rainwater followed water-rock interaction. Statistical analyses different dissolved including weathering, atmospheric precipitation, dissolution sulphate minerals, oxidation sulphides.